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Publications
​& Patents

051
Topologically Controlled Syntheses of Unimolecular Oligo[n]catenanes.  (N. D. Colley, M. A. Nosiglia, S. L. Tran, G. H. Harlan, C. Chang, R. Li, A. O. Delawder, Y. Zhang, J. C. Barnes*) ACS Cent. Sci., 2022, 8, 1672–1682.
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050
Metalation/Demetalation as a Postgelation Strategy to Tune the Mechanical Properties of Catenane-Crosslinked Gels  (M. A. Nosiglia, N. D. Colley, M.K. Danielson, M. S. Palmquist, A. O. Delawder, S. L. Tran, G. H. Harlan, J. C. Barnes*) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2022, 144, 9990–9996.
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ChemRxiv
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049
Electrostatic Loading and Photoredox-based Release of Molecular Cargo from Oligoviologen-Crosslinked Microparticles (M. S. Palmquist, M. C. Gruschka, J. M. Dorsainvil, A. O. Delawder, T. M. Saak, M. K. Danielson, J. C. Barnes*) Polym. Chem. 2022, 13, 2115–2122.
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First Previewed: ChemRxiv
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048
Iterative Step-Growth Synthesis and Degradation of Unimolecular Polyviologens Under Mild Conditions (A. O. Delawder, M. S. Palmquist, J. M. Dorsainvil, N. D. Colley, T. M. Saak, M. C. Gruschka, X. Li, L. Li, Y. Zhang, J. C. Barnes*) Chem. Commun. 2022, 58, 1358–1361. Part of the Chemical Communications issue dedicated to the class of '2021 Emerging Investigators'
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047
Photoinduced Electron Transfer and Changes in Surface Free Energy in Polythiophene-Polyviologen Bilayered Thin Films (M. K. Danielson, J. Chen, A. K. Vaclavek, N. D. Colley, A.-H. Alli, R. A. Loomis, J. C. Barnes*) ACS Polymers Au 2022, 2, 118–128. Part of the ACS Polymers Au issue dedicated to the class of '2021 Rising Stars'
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046
Reading and Writing Data By Using Self-Immolative, Sequence-Defined Oligourethanes (J. C. Barnes) Chem, Preview Article 2021, 7, 1417–1419​. 
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045
Programming Origami-like Soft Actuators Using Visible Light  (M. K. Danielson, J. C. Barnes*) Matter, Preview Article 2021, 4, 1449–1452. 
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044
Dynamic, Multimodal Hydrogel Actuators Using Porphyrin-Based Visible Light Photoredox Catalysis in a Thermoresponsive Polymer Network  (F. Amir, X. Li, M. Gruschka, N. D. Colley, L. Li, R. Li, H. R. Linder, S. A. Sell, J. C. Barnes*) Chem. Sci. 2020, 11, 10910–10920.
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First Previewed: 
ChemRxiv 
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043
One-Pot Synthesis of a Linear [4]Catenate Using Orthogonal Metal Templation and Ring-Closing Metathesis  (N. D. Colley, M. A. Nosiglia, L. Li, F. Amir, C. Chang, A. F. Greene, J. M. Fisher, R. Li, X. Li, J. C. Barnes*) Inorg. Chem. 2020, 59, 10450–10460
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042
Precise Patterning Driven by Droplets (A. O. Delawder, J. C. Barnes*) Nat. Chem., News & Views 2020, 12, 328–​330.
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041
​Diblock Brush-Arm Star Copolymers via a Core-First/Graft-From Approach Using γ-Cyclodextrin and ROMP: A Modular Platform for Drug Delivery  (R. Li, X. Li, Y. Zhang, A. O. Delawder, N. D. Colley, E. A. Whiting, J. C. Barnes*) Polym. Chem. 2020, 11, 541—550. Part of the 'Polymer Chemistry Emerging Investigators 2020' issue. 
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040
Synthesis, Self-Assembly, and Photomechanical Actuator Performance of a Sequence-Defined Polyviologen Macrocrosslinker   (A. O. Delawder, A. Natraj, N. D. Colley, T. Saak, A. F. Greene, J. C. Barnes*) Supramol. Chem. 2019, 31, 523–​531. Part of the 'Emerging Supramolecular Chemists in the United States' issue.
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039
Reversible Hydrogel Photopatterning: Spatial and Temporal Control Over Gel Mechanical Properties Using Visible Light Photoredox Catalysis (F. Amir, K. P. Liles, A. O. Delawder, N. D. Colley, M. S. Palmquist, H. R. Linder, S. A. Sell, J. C. Barnes*) ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2019, 11, 24627–​24638.
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038
Photoredox-based Actuation of an Artificial Molecular Muscle (K. P. Liles, A. F. Greene, M. K. Danielson, N. D. Colley, A. Wellen, J. M. Fisher, J. C. Barnes*) Macromol. Rapid Commun. 2018, 39, 1700781.
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037
Redox-Responsive Artificial Molecular Muscles: Reversible Radical-based Self-Assembly for Actuating Hydrogels (A. F. Greene, M. K. Danielson, A. O. Delawder, K. P. Liles, X. Li, A. Natraj, A. Wellen, J. C. Barnes*) Chem. Mater. 2017, 29, 9498–​9508. 
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036
Profile of Jean-Pierre Sauvage, Sir J. Fraser Stoddart, and Bernard L. Feringa, 2016 Nobel Laureates in Chemistry (J. C. Barnes*, C. A. Mirkin*) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 2017,114, 620–​625. 
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Prior to Washington University

035
​Bottlebrush Polymers with Flexible Enantiomeric Side Chains Display Differential Biological Properties, (H. V.-T. Nguyen, Y. Jiang, S. Mohapatra, W. Wang, J. C. Barnes,  N. J. Oldenhuis, K. Chen, S. Axelrod, Z. Huang, Q. Chen, M. R. Golder, K. Young, M. J. A. Hore, R. Gómez-Bombarelli, J. A. Johnson) Nature Chem. 2022, 14, 85–93. 
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034
​Mechanical Bond-Protected Air-Stable Radicals, (J. Sun, Z. Liu, W.-G. Liu, Y. Wu, Y. Wang, J. C. Barnes, K. R. Hermann, W. A. Goddard, III, M. R. Wasielewski, J. F. Stoddart) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2017, 139, 12704–12709. 
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033
Using an RNAi Signature Assay to Guide the Design of Three-Drug-Conjugated Nanoparticles with Validated Mechanisms, In Vivo Efficacy, and Low Toxicity, (J. C. Barnes, P. M. Bruno, H. V.-T. Nguyen, L. Liao, J. Liu, M. T. Hemann, J. A. Johnson) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2016, 138, 12494–12501. 
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MIT News Story Link
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032
IEG Synthesis and Assembly of Uniform Diblock Copolymers, (Y. Jiang, M. R. Golder, H. V.-T. Nguyen, Y. Wang, M. Zhong, J. C. Barnes, D. J. C. Ehrlich, J. A. Johnson) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2016, 138, 9369–9372.
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031
Influence of Constitution and Charge on Radical Pairing Interactions in Trisradical Tricationic Complexes, (C. Cheng, T. Cheng, H. Xiao, M. D. Krzyaniak, Y. Wang, P. R. McGonigal, M. Frasconi, J. C. Barnes, A. C. Fahrenbach, M. R. Wasielewski, W. A. Goddard III, J. F. Stoddart) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2016, 138, 8288–8300.
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030
Cooperative Reactivity in an Extended-Viologen Based Cyclophane, (E. J. Dale, D. P. Ferris, N. A. Vermeulen, J. J. Henkelis, I. Popovs, M. Juríček, J. C. Barnes, S. T. Schneebeli, J. F. Stoddart) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2016, 138, 3667–3670.
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029
​Supramolecular Explorations: Exhibiting the Extent of Extended Cationic Cyclophanes, (E. J. Dale, N. A. Vermeulen, M. Juríček, J. C. Barnes, R. M. Young, M. R. Wasielewski, J. F. Stoddart )  Acc. Chem. Res. 2016, 49, 262—273.
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028
Catenation through a Combination of Radical Templation and Ring-Closing Metathesis, (I. C. Gibbs-Hall, N. A. Vermeulen, E. J. Dale, J. J. Henkelis, A. K. Blackburn, J. C. Barnes, J. F. Stoddart )  J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2015, 137, 15640–15643.
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027
Iterative Exponential Growth of Stereo- and Sequence-Controlled Polymers, (J. C. Barnes, D. J.-C. Ehrlich, A. X. Gao, F. A. Leibfarth, Y. Jiang, E. Zhou, T.F. Jamison, J. A. Johnson) Nature Chem. 2015,7, 810–815.
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RSC's Chemistry World Story Link
Highlight in Nature Link 
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026
Semiconducting Single Crystals Comprising Segregated Arrays of Complexes of C60, (J. C. Barnes, E. J. Dale, A. Prokofjevs, A. Narayanan, I. C. Gibbs-Hall, M. Juríček, C. L. Stern, A. A. Sarjeant, Y. Y. Botros, S. I. Stupp, J. F. Stoddart), J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2015, 137, 2392–2399.
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025
Formation of Ring–in–Ring Complexes Between Crown Ethers and Rigid TVBox8+, (J. Sun, M. Frasconi, Z. Liu, J. C. Barnes, Y. Wang, D. Chen, C. L. Stern, J. F. Stoddart), Chem. Commun. 2015, 51, 1432–1435.
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024
Photoinduced Electron Transfer Within a Zinc Porphyrin–Cyclobis(paraquat–p–phenylene) Donor–Acceptor Dyad, (M. Fathalla, J. C. Barnes, R. M. Young, K. J. Hartlieb, S. M. Dyar, S. W. Eaton, A. A. Sarjeant, D. T. Co, M. R. Wasielewski, J. F. Stoddart), Chem. Eur. J. 2014, 20, 14690–14697.
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023
ExCage, (E. J. Dale, N. A. Vermeulen, A. A. Thomas, J. C. Barnes, M. Juríček, A. K. Blackburn, N. L. Strutt, A. A. Sarjeant, C. L. Stern, S. E. Denmark, J. F. Stoddart), J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2014, 136, 10669–10682.
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022
Solid–State Characterization and Photo–Induced Intramolecular Electron Transfer in a Nanoconfined Octacationic Homo[2]catenane, (J. C. Barnes, M. Frasconi, R. M. Young, N. H. Khdary, W.-G. Liu, S. M. Dyar, P. R. McGonigal, I. C. Gibbs-Hall, C. Diercks, A. A. Sarjeant, C. L. Stern, W. A. Goddard III, M. R. Wasielewski, J. F. Stoddart), J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2014, 136, 10569–10572.
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021
Relative Contractile Motion of the Rings in a Switchable Palindromic [3]Rotaxane in Water Driven by Radical–Pairing Interactions, (L. S. Witus, K. J. Hartlieb, Y. Wang, A. Prokofjevs, M. Frasconi, J. C. Barnes, E. J. Dale, A. C. Fahrenbach, J. F. Stoddart), Org. Biomol. Chem. 2014, 12, 6089–6093.
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020
An ExBox [2]Catenane, (M. Juríček, J. C. Barnes, N. L. Strutt, N. A. Vermeulen, K. C. Ghooray, E. J. Dale, P. R. McGonigal, A. K. Blackburn, J. F. Stodddart), Chem. Sci. 2014, 5, 2724–2731.
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019
Electron Transfer and Multi–Electron Accumulation in ExBox4+, (S. M. Dyar, J. C. Barnes, M. Juríček, J. F. Stoddart, D. T. Co, R. M. Young, M. R. Wasielewski), Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2014, 53, 5371–5375.
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018
​Fluorescence Enhancement of a Porphyrin–Viologen Dyad by Pseudorotaxane Formation with Cucurbit[7]uril, (M. Fathalla, N. L. Strutt, J. C. Barnes, C. L. Stern, C. Ke, J. F. Stoddart), Eur. J. Org. Chem. 2014, 14, 2873–2877.
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017
A Reversible Light-Operated Nanovalve on Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles, (D. Tarn, D. P. Ferris, J. C. Barnes, M. W. Ambrogio, J. F. Stoddart, J. I. Zink), Nanoscale 2014, 6, 3335–3343.
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016
Induced–Fit Catalysis of Corannulene Bowl–to–Bowl Inversion, (M. Juríček, N. L. Strutt, J. C. Barnes, A. M. Butterfield, E. J. Dale, K. K. Baldridge, J. F. Stoddart, J. S. Siegel), Nature Chem. 2014, 6, 222–228.
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015
​Metal–Organic Framework Thin Films Composed of Free-Standing Acicular Nanorods Exhibiting Reversible Electrochromism, (C.-W. Kung, T. C. Wang, J. E. Mondloch, D. Fairen–Jimenez, D. M. Gardner, W. Bury, J. M. Klingsporn, J. C. Barnes, R. Van Duyne, J. F. Stoddart, M. R. Wasielewski, O. K. Farha, J. T. Hupp), Chem. Mater. 2013, 25, 5012–5017.
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014
Synthesis of ExnBox Cyclophanes, (J. C. Barnes, M. Juríček, N. A. Vermeulen, E. J. Dale, J. F. Stoddart), J. Org. Chem. 2013, 78, 11962–11969.
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013
Ultrafast Conformational Dynamics of Electron Transfer in ExBox4+⊂Perylene, (R. M. Young, S. M. Dyar, J. C. Barnes, M. Juríček, J. F. Stoddart, D. T. Co, M. R. Wasielewski), J. Phys. Chem. 2013,117, 12438–12448.
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012
Ex2Box: Interdependent Modes of Binding in a Two–Nanometer–Long Synthetic Receptor, (M. Juríček, J. C. Barnes, E. J. Dale, W.–G. Liu, N. L. Strutt, C. J. Bruns, N. A. Vermeulen, K. Ghooray, A. A. Sarjeant, C. L. Stern, Y. Y. Botros, W. A. Goddard III, J. F. Stoddart), J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2013, 135, 12736–12746.
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011
A Radically Configurable Six-State Compound, (J. C. Barnes, A. C. Fahrenbach, D. Cao, S. M. Dyar, M. Frasconi, M. A. Giesener, D. Benítez, E. Tkatchouk, O. Chernyashevskyy, W. H. Shin, H. Li, S. Sampath, C. L. Stern, A. A. Sarjeant, K. J. Hartlieb, Z. Liu, R. Carmieli, Y. Y. Botros, J. W. Choi, A. M. Z. Slawin, J. B. Ketterson, M. R. Wasielewski, W. A. Goddard III, J. F. Stoddart), Science 2013, 339, 429–433.
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C&EN News of the Week Link  
Science Perspective Link
Nature Chemistry News and Views Link
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010
Mechanical Bond–Induced Radical Stabilization, (H. Li, Z. Zhu, A. C. Fahrenbach, B. M. Savoie, C. Ke, J. C. Barnes, J. Lei, Y.-L. Zhao, L. M. Lilley, T. J. Marks, M. A. Ratner, J. F. Stoddart), J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2013, 135, 456–467.
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009
ExBox: A Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Scavenger, (J. C. Barnes, M. Juríček, N. L. Strutt, M. Frasconi, S. Sampath, M. A. Giesener, P. L. McGrier, C. J. Bruns, C. L. Stern, A. A. Sarjeant, J. F. Stoddart), J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2013, 135, 183–192.
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008
Organic Switches for Surfaces and Devices, (A. C. Fahrenbach, S. C. Warren, J. T. Incorvati, A.-J. Avestro, J. C. Barnes, J. F. Stoddart, B. A. Grzybowski), Adv. Mater. 2013, 3, 331–348.
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007
A Semiconducting Organic Radical Cationic Host–Guest Complex, (A. C. Fahrenbach, S. Sampath, D. J. Late, J. C. Barnes, S. L. Kleinman, N. Valley, K. J. Hartlieb, Z. Liu, V. P. Dravid, G. C. Schatz, R. P. Van Duyne, J. F. Stoddart), ACS Nano 2012, 6, 9964–9971.
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006
Controlling Switching in Bistable [2]Catenanes by Combining Donor–Acceptor and Radical–Radical Interactions, (Z. Zhu, A. C. Fahrenbach, H. Li, J. C. Barnes, Z. Liu, S. M. Dyar, H. Zhang, J. Lei, R. Carmieli, A. A. Sarjeant, C. L. Stern, M. R. Wasielewski, J. F. Stoddart), J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2012, 134, 11709–11720.
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005
Mechanically Induced Intramolecular Electron Transfer in a Mixed–Valence Molecular Shuttle, (J. C. Barnes, A. C. Fahrenbach, S. M. Dyar, M. Frasconi, M. A. Giesener, Z. Zhu, Z. Liu, K. J. Hartlieb, R. Carmieli, M. R. Wasielewski, J. F. Stoddart), Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 2012, 109, 11446–11551.
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004
Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles in Biomedical Applications, (Z. Li, J. C. Barnes, A. Bosoy, J. F. Stoddart, J. I. Zink), Chem. Soc. Rev. 2012, 41, 2590–2605.
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003
Solution–Phase Mechanistic Study and Solid–State Structure of a Tris(bipyridinium radical cation) Inclusion Complex, (A. C. Fahrenbach, J. C. Barnes, D. A. Lanfranchi, H. Li, A. Coskun, J. J. Gassensmith, Z. Liu, D. Benítez, A. Trabolsi, W. A. Goddard, M. Elhabiri, J. F. Stoddart ), J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2012, 134, 3061–3072.
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002
Measurement of the Ground State Distributions in Bistable Mechanically Interlocked Molecules Using Slow Scan Rate Cyclic Voltammetry, (A. C. Fahrenbach, J. C. Barnes, H. Li, D. Benítez, A. N. Basuray, L. Fang, C.-H. Sue, G. Barin, S. K. Dey, W. A. Goddard III, J. F. Stoddart), Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 2011, 108, 20416–20421.
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001
Insights into the Substrate Specificity of Plant Peptide Deformylase, an Essential Enzyme with Potential for the Development of Novel Biotechnology Applications in Agriculture, L. M. A. Dirk, J. J. Schmidt, Y. Cai, J. C. Barnes, K. M. Hangers, N. R. Nayak, M. A. Williams, R. B. Grossman, R. L. Houtz, D. W. Rodgers), Biochem. J. 2008, 413, 417–427.
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Patents


08
Compositions of Mechanically Interlocked, Topologically Complex Crosslinkers and Polymers and Methods of Making and Using Same, (Barnes, J. C.; Colley, N. D.; Nosiglia, M. A.; Tran, S.; Harlan, G.), U.S. Non-Provisional Patent Application 17/505,533; Filed: October 19th, 2021. 

07
Compositions of Drug Delivery Agents and Methods of Use Thereof, (Barnes, J. C.; Li, X.; Delawder, A. O.; Li. R.), U.S. Non-Provisional Patent Application 16/370,316. Filed: March 29, 2019.

06
Actuating Materials and Method of Making and Using the Same, (Barnes, J. C.; Greene, A. F.; Delawder, A. O.; Liles, K. P.), U.S. Patent 11,149,192 B1. Published: October 19, 2021.

05
Drug Delivery Polymers and Uses Thereof, (Johnson, J. A.; Longyan, L.; Barnes, J. C.), U.S. Patent 10,792,373. Published: October 6th, 2020.

04
Formation of Macromolecules Using Iterative Growth and Related Compounds, (Johnson, J. A.; Barnes, J. C.; Ehrlich, D. J. C.; Jiang, Y.; Gao, A. X.), U.S. Patent 10,125,124. Published: November 13th, 2018.

03
Tetracationic Cyclophanes and Their Use in the Sequestration of Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons By Way of Complexation, (Stoddart, J. F.; Barnes, J. C.; Juricek, M.), U.S. Patent 9,290,495. Published: March 22, 2016.

02
ExCage: Synthesis of Viologen-Like Pyridinium-Based Cages for the Selective Capture of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, (Stoddart, J. F.; Dale, E. J.; Vermeulen, N. A.; Barnes, J. C.; Juricek, M.), U.S. Patent 9,828,259. Published: November 28, 2017.

01
​
Crystalline Bipyridinium Radical Complexes and Uses Thereof, (Stoddart, J. F.; Fahrenbach, A. C.; Barnes, J. C.; Li, H.; Sampath, S.; Basuray, A.), U.S. Patent 9,120,799. Published: September 1, 2015.
  • Research
  • Group Members
    • About Jonathan
    • Past Members
    • Group Pictures
  • Publications
  • News & Events
    • News & Events Archived
  • Teaching
  • Outreach
  • Equipment & Instrumentation
  • Contact